American University School of Education. (2021, February 24). Who is most affected by the school-to-prison pipeline. American University School of Education. Retrieved from https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/school-to-prison-pipeline/.
This article discusses how the school-to-prison pipeline disproportionately impacts students of color. The authors specifically touch on zero tolerance policies and the presence of school resource officers (SRO) which are factors in schools that contribute to the higher rate of suspension, expulsion and juvenile detention among the youth in these communities.
González, T. (2021). Pursuing freedom: Dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline. Humanity & Society, 45(4), 380-399. https://doi.org/10.1177/01605976211003887.
This article examines the school-to-prison pipeline through the social justice aspect, focusing on how marginalized students are disproportionately impacted by punitive educational policies. The article advocates for dismantling the pipeline by implementing restorative justice practices and policy reforms that prioritize educational support and rehabilitation over punishment.
Heitzeg, N. A. (2009). Education or incarceration: Zero tolerance policies and the school to prison pipeline. Forum on Public Policy Online, 2009(2). Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ870076.pdf.
This article is similar to the first, as it critiques zero-tolerance policies in schools, highlighting how punitive approaches disproportionately target students of color (especially black youth) and contributes heavily to the school-to-prison pipeline. The article goes in depth into how zero-tolerance policies criminalize minor infractions, conditioning young minds to think that they “can’t make it out” which in turn pushes students out of educational environments and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems.
Hill, L. A. (2018). Disturbing disparities: Black girls and the school-to-prison pipeline. Fordham Law Review Online, 87(1), 58-66. Retrieved from https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flro/vol87/iss1/11/.
This article discusses how young black girls are uniquely affected by the school-to-prison pipeline due to racial and gender biases that lead to unfair and disproportionate disciplinary actions against them. The article mainly highlights the “adultification” of black girls, where they are perceived as less innocent and more mature than their white counterparts, resulting in harsher consequences for minor behaviors.
Morgan, H. (2021). Restorative justice and the school-to-prison pipeline: A review of existing literature. Education Sciences, 11(1), 1-9. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1293515. df.
The author reviews literature on the use of restorative justice as a strategy to counter the school-to-prison pipeline which disproportionately impacts students of color. The article discusses how restorative justice practices such as conflict resolution and mediation would reduce suspensions, expulsions and law enforcement referrals by addressing behavioral issues constructively with the goal of rehabilitation rather than punitively.
Morris, M. W. (2012). The school-to-prison pipeline: Expanding our discussion to include Black girls. Academia.edu.
This article examines how the school-to-prison pipeline impacts black girls, who are often overlooked in discussions that usually focus on black boys. This article highlights the disproportionate rates of disciplinary actions that black girls face due to intersecting racial and gender biases for actions that would otherwise be considered normal in adolescence.
Nance, J. P., & Heise, M. (2021). Law enforcement officers, students, and the school-to-prison pipeline: A longitudinal perspective. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3976360.
This article analyzes the impact of law enforcement presence in schools on the school-to-prison pipeline over a longitudinal time frame, with a focus on how over policing in educational settings contributes to disciplinary actions that disproportionately affect marginalized students. The study reveals that the presence of school resource officers (SROs) often escalates minor behavioral issues into criminal matters which in turn leads to higher rates of juvenile justice involvement for students of color.
Smith, C. (2009). Deconstructing the pipeline: Evaluating school-to-prison pipeline equal protection cases through a structural racism framework. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2267133.
This article evaluates the school-to-prison pipeline from a structural racism standpoint rather than the restorative justice standpoint that we have been seeing in the other articles. The authors argue that the pipeline is not only a result of individual biases but is also rooted in systemic inequalities within educational and legal frameworks. The article examines how policies such as zero tolerance, resource disparities, and biased disciplinary practices funnel students of color- especially black students, from schools into prisons. A tailored report has been created for you with these sorted annotations.